IntroductionWater is one of the most important factors for the production of agricultural products and as one of the vital things for life, it is very important. However, in many regions of the world, water resources are limited and due to population growth and climate change, the use of water resources has become a big challenge. Therefore, choosing the best irrigation method for the production of agricultural products is very important and necessary. Today, there are different irrigation methods for the production of agricultural products, each of which has its characteristics and advantages. For example, irrigation methods such as drip irrigation, subsurface irrigation, sprinkle irrigation, surface irrigation, and irrigation using smart systems are very popular and widely used today. To choose the best irrigation method, one should pay attention to various factors such as soil type, crop, weather conditions, and the amount of water needed for the crops. In addition, methods that are economical and less harmful to the environment should be used. The proposed irrigation method in the improvement plan, on the one hand, should have sufficient capabilities to supply water requirements and reduce operating and maintenance costs, and on the other hand, it should be designed and selected according to the technical, economic, and social conditions of the region. The factors that are effective in choosing irrigation methods include soil conditions, topography, slope, water quality, climatic conditions, irrigation efficiency, area of agricultural units and land use system, groundwater level, plant water requirement, investment, maintenance and operation costs, existing experiences, and socio-economic considerations. At the same time, irrigation methods can include the improvement of existing irrigation methods to completely advanced systems. Materials and MethodsThe area studied in this research was Tabriz Grand Park in the northwest of Tabriz city. This surface area includes 864 hectares, of which 328 ha are located in area one and 536 ha in area two. The only source of water in the area is a well, and surface water sources are not used in the agricultural lands of Tabriz Park. On the other hand, the source of water supply for the agricultural lands of Hokmabad is groundwater sources (agricultural wells) and the common irrigation method in the agricultural lands of Tabriz Grand Park is the gravity irrigation method of the basin type. In this research, Charles Burt's scoring method was used to select the best irrigation method in the study area. By using this method, it is possible to easily identify the weak and strong points of irrigation systems and improve their efficiency. The criteria and features that were considered for scoring included the following items: Crop (corn, cotton in a wet place, cotton in a dry place, alfalfa, small grains, etc.), Water source (groundwater well, flexible surface water distribution, inflexible surface water distribution, etc.), Climate (temperature conditions, wind, rain, frost, etc.), Land (irregularly shaped land, obstacles in the land, steep slopes, steep rocky lands, etc.), and socio-structural conditions (access to parts, type of management, labor, user skill, etc.). Each irrigation system has a specific efficiency for each criterion, which is indicated by positive, zero, and negative signs. A positive sign means that this irrigation system is a suitable system according to this criterion and feature. The zero sign indicates that the criterion does not play a role in choosing the system, and the negative sign indicates that the irrigation system is not suitable for this specific feature. Results and DiscussionWhat is important in choosing an irrigation method is to choose methods that can be implemented. The purpose of this research is to select the most suitable irrigation method for the agricultural lands of Tabriz Park based on effective physical factors such as crop, water source, land, climate, and socio-structural conditions and using Charles Burt's scoring method. To choose the appropriate irrigation system for the study area, the physical factors effective in choosing the irrigation system in six areas of crop, water source, land, climate, and social-structural conditions have been examined and the results are presented below. According to Charles Burt's scoring method, in sprinkle irrigation, the classical fixed system received a score of one negative, which indicates that the system is not suitable for the study area due to these characteristics. Also, in surface irrigation and drip irrigation, the highest scores of three positive and two positives were observed, respectively, and this means that these irrigation systems will be a suitable system for the studied area according to these criteria and characteristics. The results showed that basin irrigation is the most appropriate in the agricultural lands of Hokmabad, Tabriz city. ConclusionIn general, based on the scoring method of Charles Burt, among the options of sprinkle irrigation, the classic fixed system, the drip methods, the tape system, and the surface methods, the basin system was suitable for the agricultural lands of Hokmabad, Tabriz city. The results showed that the scoring method used, despite its simple instructions, is a practical method for choosing the most suitable irrigation system. The results showed that the basin system is suitable for the study area in terms of crop, climate, water source, and socio-structural conditions. In rain irrigation, the classic fixed system in terms of land, crop type, and socio-structural structure received a score of zero, which indicated that there is no relationship between the irrigation system and these factors in the region. Among the drip methods, the tape system received a score of one positive in terms of crop type, land, and water source, which showed that the system is suitable for the region due to its characteristics. However, due to the need for high management and skill and the possibility of vandalism, it has problems from a socio-structural point of view, but from the point of view of the crop, land, and water source, it is considered among the best options. Also, among the surface irrigation methods, the basin system is a suitable system from the point of view of the type of crop and land.

La notion du Temps chez Charles Baudelaire est à la base de cet article. Lorsqu’on explore la raison et la manière dont les poèmes de Baudelaire ont été créés, on est contraint de plonger dans le monde obscur et mystérieux qui entoure ses poèmes. En découvrant de petites lueurs d'espoir dans ses poèmes, on peut constater que ce qui engendre chez lui l'Ennui et le Spleen, c'est l'angoisse. Donc, on essaie de déterminer si cette angoisse est due au passage du temps. Autrement dit, si Baudelaire a peur de la fuite du temps. Ensuite, on expose comment l’angoisse du temps se manifeste dans la conscience de Baudelaire? Donc, en cherchant dans les poèmes de Les Fleurs du Mal de Baudelaire, des tentatives seront faites pour répondre à ces questions. À l’aide de la méthode de Jean Burgos, il est possible d'établir un lien entre le langage poétique et l'imaginaire. Alors, on cherchera dans les poèmes de Baudelaire une sorte de révolte contre le temps, qui entend s'emparer de l'espace. Il faut Signaler que cette étude s’intéresse à l’image.

Objective: Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) consists of visual hallucinations occurring in patients with visual impairment. CBS is commonly overlooked by medical professionals and underreported by patients due to the underlying stigma attached to the presence of hallucinations. Lack of awareness regarding CBS among medical professionals may lead to failures in providing forewarning and education to patients with visual impairment. In patients who are not familiar with CBS, this might lead to a higher risk of distress, misattribution to cultural belief or mental illness, and the potential of developing psychosis, especially in elderly patients with other modalities of sensory deprivation. This case report aims to increase awareness and knowledge about CBS among clinicians for the proper management of patients. Method: This case illustrated a patient with worsening visual impairment who presented with typical CBS and later progressed to visual hallucination and persecutory delusion Results: Providing information on CBS and antipsychotics resulted in less distress and improved the patient’ s visual hallucination and delusion Conclusion: Education and reassurance play a role in the management of CBS. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of CBS and provide clear information for patients who are at risk to lower their distress.

Dear Editor: Today, orthopedic trauma is one of the most vital disciplines globally, undergoing constant evolution daily (1). Each year, tens of thousands of limb traumas occur in various countries, which orthopedic trauma surgeons manage (1). Based on historical documents, a Spanish book discussed the reduction of fractures during the Renaissance and the 16 th century. Percivall Pott published one of the earliest books, Some Few Remarks upon Fractures and Dislocations, in 1768 (2). Until World War II, the significance of orthopedic trauma was not fully appreciated, and orthopedic fractures and diseases were not treated separately (1). However, in recent decades, orthopedic trauma has developed. Dr. Charles A Rockwood’ s efforts have resulted in this advancement...

The most common way to address issues in various fields of knowledge, including international law, is through the writing and publishing of books and articles. However, this method is not the only approach to addressing international law issues. One of the most significant methods is the writing of "book reviews," which hold a prominent place in nearly all major international law journals worldwide. It should be noted that "review" in this context has a broad meaning and is not limited to "criticism." A "book review" involves a structural analysis of the work and aims to acquaint the audience with its most important topics and context. This article explains the concept of "book review" and its role in international law, while also reviewing the book "Judging Iran" by Charles Brower.

Charles Baudelaire and Sohrab Sepehri – French and Iranian poets – are regarded as the most innovative poets in their eras. These two introverted poets were always seeking a Utopia with the aim to find the cosmos truth and reaching the ideal world; thus they have been interested in nature, traveling, mysticism and etc.The present article has surveyed some of the thoughts and concepts of Sepehry poetry which have been similar to Baudelaire’s. Although there are many similarities between Sepehri and Baudelaire in the way of seeking a lost paradise, there are some remarkable differences between them as well. The present article has surveyed some of the content similarities and differences of their poems.